Short answer

Design training protocols that explicitly target and improve aerobic endurance for both male and female youth volleyball players, and consider sex-specific conditioning for power and flexibility.

Field: Human Factors
Source: Indonesian Journal of Sport (2025)
Method: Descriptive research using a standardized physical fitness test.
Sample: 44 participants (24 boys, 20 girls)
Evidence: Moderate effect

Youth volleyball players, while generally in a moderate fitness category, exhibit sex-based disparities in strength, power, endurance, and flexibility, with both genders showing deficits in aerobic endurance. This human factors research insight is drawn from a 2025 study published in Indonesian Journal of Sport. Using Descriptive research using a standardized physical fitness test. with 44 participants (24 boys, 20 girls), researchers explored how this design variable affects real-world outcomes. The key design takeaway: Design training protocols that explicitly target and improve aerobic endurance for both male and female youth volleyball players, and consider sex-specific conditioning for power and flexibility.

Study

Human FactorsNew This WeekModerate effect

Sex-Based Differences in Youth Volleyball Fitness Components Revealed by TKJI Assessment

Indonesian Journal of Sport · 2025

Key Findings

01Overall fitness levels were categorized as moderate.
02Boys demonstrated superior performance in strength and explosive power tests.
03Girls showed more balanced scores in endurance and flexibility.
04Both boys and girls exhibited lower results in aerobic endurance.

Application

Design takeaway

Design training protocols that explicitly target and improve aerobic endurance for both male and female youth volleyball players, and consider sex-specific conditioning for power and flexibility.

How to apply

When designing training regimens for youth sports, use fitness assessments to identify common and sex-specific deficits, and then create balanced programs that address all components, particularly areas of general weakness like aerobic endurance.

Project actions

01When assessing physical performance, consider how factors like sex might influence results.
02Ensure your design addresses a range of user needs or capabilities, not just the most obvious ones.

Method & Evidence

AimTo describe the physical fitness condition of youth volleyball players and identify sex-based differences across key fitness components (speed, strength, power, endurance, flexibility).

MethodDescriptive research using a standardized physical fitness test.

ProcedureParticipants completed the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI), which assesses speed, strength, power, endurance, and flexibility. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple comparisons between male and female groups.

Sample44 participants (24 boys, 20 girls)

ContextYouth volleyball extracurricular activities in Indonesian high schools.

Variables

IVSex (Male/Female)

DVPerformance scores in speed, strength, power, endurance, and flexibility tests.

CVAge range (15-17 years), participation in volleyball extracurriculars, type of fitness test administered.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths

+Provides a descriptive overview of fitness levels in a specific athletic population.
+Highlights potential areas for targeted intervention in training programs.

Limitations

The sample size is relatively small, and the study was conducted in a specific geographical region, which might limit the broader applicability of the findings.

Reliability & validity

The use of a standardized test (TKJI) enhances reliability. The descriptive nature of the study and the specific sample limit external validity, but internal validity for describing the sample's fitness is likely good.

Think critically

To what extent do these findings on sex-based fitness differences generalize to other sports or age groups, and how might cultural factors influence these patterns?

Design Principles

"Holistic physical development requires addressing all fitness components, acknowledging and compensating for sex-based physiological differences."

Understanding these sex-based fitness gaps is crucial for designing targeted training programs that address specific weaknesses and optimize performance while mitigating injury risk. This insight informs the development of more holistic and effective athletic preparation strategies.

What This Means for Your Design

This study shows that boys and girls playing volleyball have different fitness strengths and weaknesses. Both need more training for stamina. This means coaches should create training plans that help everyone get better in all areas, not just the ones they are already good at.

How to use in your project

1.Use this research to justify the need for specific fitness components in your design brief, especially if your target user group is similar to the study's participants.

Add to My Project

Quick Cite

Paragraph starter

Research indicates that youth athletes, such as those in volleyball, often exhibit moderate fitness levels with notable sex-based differences in strength, power, and flexibility, alongside a common deficit in aerobic endurance (Setiawan et al., 2025). This suggests that comprehensive training programs must address all fitness components and account for physiological variations to optimize performance and well-being.

Source

Indonesian Journal of Sport

Revealing Sex-Based Patterns and Fitness Component Gaps among Youth Volleyball Players through the TKJI Assessment

journal · 2025

View source

Questions About This Research

What does the research say about sex-based differences in youth volleyball fitness components revealed by tkji assessment?: Design training protocols that explicitly target and improve aerobic endurance for both male and female youth volleyball players, and consider sex-specific conditioning for power and flexibility. Evidence: Indonesian Journal of Sport (2025).
Why does "Sex-Based Differences in Youth Volleyball Fitness Components Revealed by TKJI Assessment" matter for design?: Understanding these sex-based fitness gaps is crucial for designing targeted training programs that address specific weaknesses and optimize performance while mitigating injury risk. This insight informs the development of more holistic and effective athletic preparation strategies.
How can designers apply this research?: Design training protocols that explicitly target and improve aerobic endurance for both male and female youth volleyball players, and consider sex-specific conditioning for power and flexibility.
What were the main findings?: Overall fitness levels were categorized as moderate.. Boys demonstrated superior performance in strength and explosive power tests.. Girls showed more balanced scores in endurance and flexibility.. Both boys and girls exhibited lower results in aerobic endurance.
What research method was used?: Descriptive research using a standardized physical fitness test. with 44 participants (24 boys, 20 girls).
How strong is the evidence?: Evidence strength is rated Moderate effect, based on a 2025 journal from Indonesian Journal of Sport.
What should I do differently in my next project?: When designing training regimens for youth sports, use fitness assessments to identify common and sex-specific deficits, and then create balanced programs that address all components, particularly areas of general weakness like aerobic endurance.
What are the limitations?: The study's findings are specific to the tested age group and cultural context; generalizability to other populations or sports may be limited. The focus on descriptive data does not establish causality.